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詞 概說
郭宗彥 A國文
http://ep.ltivs.eportfolio.cc/web/guotsy/14/-/blogs/詞-概說
2018-03-26T12:39:50Z
2018-03-26T12:39:50Z
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; text-indent: 44.45pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.02; line-height: 24.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 22.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">詞</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">一、概說</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">「詞」之產生起於中唐,胡樂的傳入與里巷的民間歌謠,為民間樂府帶來新的音樂曲調。依照音樂曲調填入歌詞的創作方式自南朝即有之,至中唐後逐漸發展,惟當時詞調尚寡。「詞」之特色為:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">依曲調為詞調,不另立題:故詞調名與詞作內容不相干,如李煜〈相見歡〉所寫即為家國離散之愁緒。後來亦有增添副題,以明詞義者,如:蘇東坡〈念奴嬌</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">赤壁懷古</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〉。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">依樂段分片,片有定式:依照音樂分段,一段稱為一片、一闕或一疊。詞句依詞調長短其句,無固定字數。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">依詞腔押韻,韻位疏密無定:依照腔調用韻,於當用韻句最後一字押韻。分為平聲韻、仄聲韻<span lang="EN-US">(</span>上、去<span lang="EN-US">)</span>、入聲韻。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">依唱腔用字,講究四聲:依照唱腔決定平仄,平上去入四聲分明。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">在形式上,<span lang="EN-US">58</span>字以內為「小令」,<span lang="EN-US">59-90</span>字為「中調」,<span lang="EN-US">91</span>字以上為「長調」。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">因為以上之特點,「詞」亦有多種別稱:</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">詩餘</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">認為「詞」由「詩」配合音樂增減其字而來。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">曲子詞</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">因其為配合樂曲所填之詞,故以為名。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">樂府<span lang="EN-US">(</span>歌詞<span lang="EN-US">)</span></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">以其能入樂。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">長短句</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">填詞需配合詞調而長短其句。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">倚聲</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">以其創作需配合詞調之音樂性。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">填詞</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">依詞調填入字詞。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">二、流變</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">(</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">一<span lang="EN-US">)</span>唐代詞</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.36gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">今留傳詞作,最早者相傳為李白所作的〈菩薩蠻〉、〈憶秦娥〉等作品。至中唐則有張志和〈漁歌子〉、韋應物〈調笑令〉、〈長相思〉劉禹錫〈憶江南〉等作品。寫詞需依詞調之特色而選擇之,寫悲緒者當用沉鬱之詞調,寫歡愉者須用輕快的詞調。然此時詞調尚少,詞人選擇不多,詞作也還受有近體詩之影響。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">二<span lang="EN-US">)</span>五代詞</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.36gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">至晚唐五代,越來越多樣的詞調促使依聲填詞的文學創作逐漸成為風氣。五代詞家大致可分為兩類,依其所處地理位置可分為西蜀詞人與南唐詞人。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">西蜀詞 —— </span></strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">西蜀詞人的作品主要收錄於後蜀趙崇祚所編的《花間集》一書,此時詞家已能擺脫近體詩的影響,建立自己的風格。其中較重要的詞人為「花間鼻祖」——溫庭筠與「〈秦婦吟〉秀才」——韋莊。溫庭筠詞風委婉含蓄,字詞華美;韋莊則直抒胸臆,豪放疏淡。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">南唐詞 —— </span></strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">南唐詞主要詞人有馮延巳與南唐二主——李璟、李煜父子。李璟所流傳作品較少,今僅存四首。馮延巳之作則清新秀美,雖不免帶有五代華美風格,卻不流於濫情,與李煜二人對後來的北宋詞風卓有影響。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2;"><![if !supportLists]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">李煜</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.2pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.35gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">李煜,原名從嘉,字重光,為南唐最後一個皇帝,世稱為「李後主」。李煜早期作品受其沉迷宮廷歡愉氣氛影響,多呈現艷麗華美之作。至後期因家破國亡,淪為囚擄之悲,遂使其作品呈現蒼涼悲壯的悽楚之思,極為後世所稱頌。有「詞中之帝」之稱。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈虞美人〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">春花秋月何時了?往事知多少?小樓昨夜又東風,故國不堪回首月明中。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>雕樓玉砌應猶在,只是朱顏改。問君能有幾多愁,恰似一江春水向東流。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈破陣子〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">四十年來家國,三千里地山河。鳳閣龍樓連霄漢,瓊枝玉樹作煙蘿,幾曾識干戈?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">一旦歸為臣虜,沈腰潘鬢銷磨。最是倉皇辭廟日,教坊猶奏別離歌,揮淚對宮娥。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈子夜歌〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">人生仇恨何能免,銷魂獨我情何限?故國夢重歸,覺來雙淚垂。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">高樓誰與上,長記秋晴望。往事已成空,還如一夢中。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈烏夜啼〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">林花謝了春紅,太匆匆。無奈朝來寒雨晚來風。胭脂淚,相留醉,幾時重?自是人生長恨水長東。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈浪淘沙〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">簾外雨潺潺,春意闌珊,羅衾不耐五更寒。夢裡不知身是客,一晌貪歡。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">獨自莫凭闌,無限江山,別時容易見時難。流水落花春去也,天上人間!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">(</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">三<span lang="EN-US">)</span>北宋詞</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">1. </span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">南唐遺風</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">北宋早期仍不脫花間、南唐的影響,作品多為小令,詞風亦多溫婉之情。晏殊、晏幾道父子,范仲淹,歐陽脩諸人可為北宋初期的代表詞人,其作多感懷人生別離、盛衰、無可奈何之悲。其中范仲淹、歐陽脩為詩為文雖皆渾樸有致,然於填詞上則顯現其柔婉之性格。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">晏殊〈蝶戀花〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">檻菊愁烟蘭泣露,羅幕輕寒,燕子雙飛去。明月不諳離恨苦,斜光到曉穿朱戶。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">昨夜西風凋碧樹,獨上高樓,望盡天涯路。欲寄彩箋無尺素,山長水闊知何處。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">范仲淹〈蘇幕遮</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">懷舊</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">碧雲天,黃葉地。秋色連波,波上寒煙翠。山映斜陽天接水,芳草無情,更在斜陽外。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">黯鄉魂,追旅思。夜夜除非,好夢留人睡。明月樓高休獨倚,酒入愁腸,化作相思淚。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">歐陽脩〈蝶戀花〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">庭院深深深幾許,楊柳堆煙,簾幕無重數。玉勒雕鞍遊冶處,樓高不見章台路。雨橫風狂三月暮,門掩黃昏,無計留春住。淚眼問花花不語,亂紅飛過鞦韆去。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; text-indent: -42.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2;"><![if !supportLists]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">柳詞詠情</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">北宋初期,詞多為文人遣懷之餘所作,直到張先、柳永二人,在通曉音律的基礎上,雜以里巷俚白之語,大量創作長調。尤其柳永之詞,時謂「有井水飲處,即能歌柳詞。」使得宋代詞有更進一步的推展,得以在民間廣泛流傳。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">柳永〈蝶戀花〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">竚倚危樓風細細,望極春愁,黯黯生天際。草色煙光殘照裡,無言誰會憑闌意。擬把疏狂圖一醉,對酒當歌,強樂還無味。衣帶漸寬終不悔,為伊消得人憔悴。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2;"><![if !supportLists]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">蘇詞豪放</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">然柳詞過於俚俗使得部分文人感到不滿,鄙其輕俗。於是以蘇東坡為代表的詞人起而排拒柳詞,主張為文學而作詞,不為了將就音樂而作詞。這種以寫詩的方法作詞,開啟了北宋詞豪放一派詞風。東坡少時恃才而傲,逮因烏臺詩案幾近死亡,又多次流放。遂於顛沛流離的生涯之中,內斂其華,而為一代文宗。蘇東坡詞如其詩文,情感流溢而自然成文,無論抒情、遣懷俱為佳作。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈江城子〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">十年生死兩茫茫,不思量,自難忘。千里孤墳,無處話淒涼。縱使相逢應不識,塵滿面,鬢如霜。夜來幽夢忽還鄉,小軒窗,正梳妝。相顧無言,惟有淚千行。料得年年腸斷處,明月夜,短松岡。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.52; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈定風波〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.52; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">莫聽穿林打葉聲,何妨吟嘯且徐行。竹杖芒鞵輕勝馬,誰怕,一簑煙雨任平生。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">料峭春風吹酒醒,微冷,山頭斜照卻相迎。回首向來蕭瑟處,歸去,也無風雨也無晴。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 21.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.52; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈念奴嬌</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">赤壁懷古</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">大江東去,浪淘盡、千古風流人物。故壘西邊,人道是、三國周郎赤壁。亂石崩雲,驚濤裂岸,捲起千堆雪。江山如畫,一時多少豪傑。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>遙想公瑾當年,小喬初嫁了。雄姿英發,羽扇綸巾,談笑間、強虜灰飛煙滅。故國神遊,多情應笑我,早生華髮。人間如夢,一尊還酹江月。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈卜算子〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">缺月挂疏桐,漏斷人初靜。誰見幽人獨往來?縹緲孤鴻影。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>驚起卻回頭,有恨無人省。揀盡寒枝不肯棲,寂寞沙洲冷。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; text-indent: -1.0cm; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo2;"><![if !supportLists]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">周邦彥集大成</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">蘇東坡雖為詞的寫作開展了一個新的境界,其作卻多不符合音律,亦遭人詬病。於是周邦彥一方面注重字詞的雅正,以免柳永俚俗之病;一方面注意音律的工整,以免蘇軾拗聲之失,集北宋詞之大成,開啟了婉約一派詞風。自此以後,宋詞大抵不脫離婉約、豪放二宗。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.1pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.76gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈蘇幕遮〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">燎沉香,消溽暑。鳥雀呼晴,侵曉窺檐語。葉上初陽乾宿雨,水面清圓,一一風荷舉。故鄉遙,何日去?家住吳門,久作長安旅。五月漁郎相憶否?小檝輕舟,夢入芙蓉浦。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(</span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">四<span lang="EN-US">)</span>南宋詞</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">宋室南渡以後,文人感於家國之悲,此期詞家多豪放悲壯、慷慨激昂之氣。南宋初期詩人以李清照與辛棄疾為代表。南宋一代,凡詞風屬豪放一派者,多學辛稼軒之詞。宋室偏安逐漸穩定之後,詩人逐漸縱情於江南如畫的生活之中,婉約一派遂又興起。此時詞人姜夔、史達祖皆精於音樂工律,作詞上極度講求字句的工整與音律的和諧。姜夔作品每每經過反覆鍛鍊,為南宋婉約詞派的代表詞人。詞的變化到了南宋以南有再多的進展,等到元曲的興起,遂告沒落。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><![if !supportLists]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">李清照</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.25pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">李清照,號易安居士。早年與其夫婿趙明誠過著美滿的生活,作品多呈現熱情明快的特質。直至金兵攻陷汴京,夫妻倆南逃,散盡畢生收集的骨董文物,趙明誠不久亦病卒。於是李清照下半生流徙於江南,晚景淒涼,後期詞風則兼具有悽涼婉約與豪放健舉之特色。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.36gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈如夢令〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.5pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.54gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">昨夜雨疏風驟,濃睡不消殘酒。試問卷簾人,卻道海棠依舊。知否?知否?應是綠肥紅瘦。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 28.3pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.36gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈醉花陰〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">薄霧濃雲愁永晝,瑞腦銷金獸。佳節又重陽,玉枕紗櫥,半夜涼初透。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>東籬把酒黃昏後,有<span lang="EN-US"><a title="暗香" href="http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1005022801638"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span lang="EN-US">暗香</span></span></a></span>盈袖。莫道不銷魂,簾卷<span lang="EN-US"><a title="西風" href="http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1005022801638"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span lang="EN-US">西<span lang="EN-US">風</span></span></span></a></span>,人比黃花瘦。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.4pt; mso-para-margin-left: 2.95gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈聲聲慢〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.5pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.54gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">尋尋覓覓,冷冷清清,淒淒慘慘戚戚。乍暖還寒時候,最難將息。三杯兩盞淡酒,怎敵他、晚風來急?雁過也,正傷心、卻是舊時相識。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>滿地黃花堆積,憔悴損、如今有誰堪摘?守著窗兒,獨自怎生得黑?梧桐更兼細雨,到黃昏、點點滴滴。這次第,怎一箇、愁字了得!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><![if !supportLists]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">辛棄疾</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">字幼安,號稼軒居士。辛幼安見北宋淪亡,一生以抵抗北方強敵,收復故土為志業,故其詞帶有英雄之氣,多慷慨激昂之風。蘇東坡以詩為文,辛棄疾則以文為詩,其作之直曠有時更勝東坡,為南宋豪放派代表人物。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: 17.35pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.24; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈賀新郎〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.5pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.54gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">綠樹聽鵜鴃,更那堪、鷓鴣聲住,杜鵑聲切。啼到春歸無尋處,苦恨芳菲都歇。算未抵、人間離別。馬上琵琶關塞黑,更長門翠輦辭金闕,看燕燕,送歸妾。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>將軍百戰身名裂,向河梁、回頭萬里。故人長絕。易水蕭蕭西風冷,滿座衣冠似雪。正壯士、悲歌未徹。啼鳥還知如許恨,料不啼清淚長啼血,誰共我,醉明月?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈青玉案〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.5pt; mso-para-margin-left: 3.54gd; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">東風夜放花千樹,更吹落星如雨。寶馬雕車香滿路。鳳簫聲動,玉壺光轉,一夜魚龍舞。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>蛾兒雪柳黃金縷。笑語盈盈暗香去。眾裡尋他千百度,驀然回首,那人卻在,燈火闌珊處。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈醜奴兒〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">少年不識愁味,愛上層樓、愛上層樓,為賦新詞強說愁。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>而今識盡愁滋味,欲說還休、欲說還休,卻道天涼好個秋。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈西江月〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">明月別枝驚鵲,清風半夜鳴蟬。稻花香裡說豐年,聽取蛙聲一片。七八箇星天外,兩三點雨山前。舊時茆店社林邊,路轉溪橋忽見。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">〈南鄉子〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">何處望神州,滿眼風光北固樓。千古興亡多少事,悠悠,不盡長江滾滾流。<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>年少萬兜鍪,坐斷東南戰未休。天下英雄誰敵手?曹劉,生子當如孫仲謀。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3;"><![if !supportLists]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><![endif]><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">遺民詞</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">南宋末年,受到北方元朝的軍事壓力,終於覆滅元人手上。時文人目睹家國滅亡,遂起感慨之情,入於詞作,別有一番淒楚之情。然宋詞經南北宋幾百年來的發展,變化已盡,遺民詞可謂宋詞之遺響。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">蔣捷〈虞美人〉</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">少年聽雨歌樓上,紅燭昏羅帳。壯年聽雨客舟中,江闊雲低斷雁叫西風。而今聽雨僧廬下,鬢已星星也。悲歡離合總無情,一任階前點滴到天明。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">比較</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"> </span></strong></p>
<table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;"> </span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">近體詩</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">詞</span></strong></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">別名</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">今體詩</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">詩餘、曲子詞、樂府歌詞、</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">長短句、倚聲、填詞</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">分類</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">絕句、律詩</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">小令、中調、長調</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">盛行時代</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">唐</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">宋</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">句式</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">五言、七言</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">依詞調長短其句</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">用韻</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">偶數句末字押韻,平仄不可通押。</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">視詞調於句末押韻。平聲與平聲押,上去聲與上去聲押,入聲與入聲押。</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">平仄</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">分平仄二聲</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">依詞調用字,平上去入四聲分明</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">篇章</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">不分段</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">詞調一段為一片<span lang="EN-US">(</span>闕、疊<span lang="EN-US">)</span>,最多四段。</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">內容</span></strong></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 212.6pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="283">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">端莊</span></p>
</td>
<td style="width: 237.2pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="316">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">柔媚</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="width: 76.3pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="102">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">音樂性</span></strong></p>
</td>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">誦而不歌</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">可以入樂</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; line-height: 20.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;"> </span></p>
郭宗彥 A國文
2018-03-26T12:39:50Z
唐近體詩講義
郭宗彥 A國文
http://ep.ltivs.eportfolio.cc/web/guotsy/14/-/blogs/唐近體詩講義
2018-03-26T12:39:04Z
2018-03-26T12:35:42Z
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -1.2pt; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">唐詩 流派</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 28.3pt; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 28.3pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">初唐:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">初唐詩人大抵承續六朝華美的詩風,講究文字的典雅,並同時實驗詩歌的格律。較具有代表性的詩人有「<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">初唐四傑</strong>」:<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>;<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">沈佺期、宋之問</strong>(五律完成);「<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">文章四友</strong>」:<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) (</span>七律完成<span lang="EN-US">) </span>。因六朝詩風華靡虛弱,到了<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>時,遂提倡魏晉風骨,提倡詩歌應有個人的興懷感觸,提倡通過文學抒發個人情思的「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」。同時<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>唱和其說,並稱為「陳、張」。然而<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">陳子昂</strong>提倡復古並未能有及時的改變,至盛唐出現了大量的優秀作家,方扭轉了此一風氣。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 28.3pt; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 28.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.52; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 21.3pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 微軟正黑體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">盛唐:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">盛唐時期的作者擺脫了六朝唯美的詩風,講求個人的情志,發揮出浪漫而熱烈的精神,作品深富個人情思(即所謂<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>)。此時期的詩人大體可以分作幾類:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; text-indent: -21.15pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.51; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 42.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">邊塞詩派:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">邊塞詩派的興起,與隋唐軍事行動頻繁有關。時詩人隨著軍隊遠戍邊疆,於是邊塞的大漠景色、征戰的行動、士兵的辛勞、將士的豪氣遂化為詩歌的內容。代表詩人有<span lang="EN-US">( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>(故又稱「岑高詩派」)、三王( <span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>)。邊塞詩人喜作七言古詩,蓋古體詩不受格律限制,較能發揮自由灑脫的氣勢。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">自然詩派:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">唐代自然詩派乃是結合了魏晉的<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>詩與<span lang="EN-US">( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>詩而成,一方面書寫田園的生活,一方面描摹山水景色,表現出一種悠遠閒逸的精神。此時期代表詩人有<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>(故又稱「王孟」詩派)、<span lang="EN-US">( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>。自然派詩人擅長寫五言詩,因其源於陶、謝,陶、謝皆以五言詩為主之故。自然詩人雖然祖述<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>與<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>,然其實受大、小謝影響較深。蓋唐代自然詩人多有官職,即便無祿者亦自矜文人身分,故不能真正融入田園生活,因此大多仿效大、小謝描摹山水,而不能真正樂於田園貧苦生活。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.55pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">李白:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">李白,字太白,號青蓮居士。賀知章譽其為「天上謫仙人」,故有「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」之稱。李白為天才橫溢之詩人,其詩風不拘限一個風格,無論山水、田園、邊塞、詠物、懷古、遊仙、任俠,皆隨興灑逸,可謂集六朝詩歌之大成,為中國歷代詩人之代表。因其個性自由放達,不喜拘束,故亦好寫古體詩與樂府詩,亦善於絕句,然不喜律體,故其律詩極少,亦少工整。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.76gd; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">杜甫</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體;">:</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">杜甫,字子美,祖父為初唐詩人杜審言。曾任檢校工部員外郎,故又稱<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>。杜甫擅長於唐代興起的近體詩,無論五言、七言,律體、絕句,無不工整,格律圓暢,為唐朝代表詩人,故有「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」之稱。其詩作感情真摯,在歷經安史之亂以後,感於戰亂,內容大量書寫戰爭所造成的社會離亂,政治之變化,故又有「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」之稱。因其悲憫於黎民生活困苦,故又有「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」之稱。其「詩史」之代表有「<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">三吏」</strong>:<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>;「<strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">三別</strong>」:<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 49.4pt; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 28.3pt; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 28.3pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">中唐:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">安史亂後,漸恢復平穩,中唐初期詩歌遂漸流於平庸不振,此時期遂有兩派詩人繼承了杜甫的精神,就不同方面發展,又有承接盛唐自然派詩風者,故此期大抵可分作三個流派。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.77gd; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.55pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: 標楷體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">自然詩派:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;"> 中唐自然詩人大抵承續王、孟一派風格,以<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>(韋蘇州)、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) </span>(柳柳州)為代表。韋蘇州以模仿陶淵明為長,然終不能如陶淵明真正融入田園生活。柳柳州則兼擅陶、謝之特色,不但寫田園的閒逸情懷,亦寫山水之景色。柳宗元並將寫山水詩的精神用於山水文章,使其山水遊記別具特色。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.76gd; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">奇險詩派:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">奇險詩派發揮杜甫「 <span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」的特色,一方面極度鍛鍊格律,一方面竭力琢磨文字,甚至刻意造怪句、用奇字、押險韻,以求出奇。故此派詩人往往苦於琢磨字句,而有「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」之稱,其代表詩人有<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">( <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>。其中孟郊一生窮愁潦倒、賈島亦為貧士,其詩呈現清寒苦澀之格調,有「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」之稱。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 1.76gd; text-indent: -28.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -2.02; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">寫實詩派:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">寫實詩派發揮了杜甫「詩史」的特色,主張「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」,強調文學作品反映現實的功能,提倡「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」。此外,亦認為詩歌應求平易之美,不刻意追求格律、用字,於平淺中顯露無盡之韻味。代表詩人有<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>) </span>。白居易尤其力求平易近人,故其敘事詩特別出色,有〈琵琶行〉、〈長恨歌〉等佳作。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 49.4pt; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 49.4pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -.1gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt; mso-char-indent-count: -1.52; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; margin: 0cm -1.2pt .0001pt 21.3pt;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">晚唐:</span></strong><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 細明體;">因奇險詩派末流益發蹇澀,寫實詩派又流於平淺,到了晚唐華美詩風又再興起。晚唐詩人一方面追求文字的典雅,一方面亦琢磨格律之和諧,加以詩至晚唐已經失去盛唐活力,多呈現花殘月缺之感,正替唐代詩歌之發展作一結束。其代表詩人有<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>、<span lang="EN-US">(<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>)</span>。李賀因體弱多病又無以應試,其詩多呈現消極頹廢之風格,又擅長用各種顏色渲染華麗氣息,再用「鬼、死、夢、淚、苦、血」營造奇詭氣氛,因此有「<span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>」之稱。李商隱、杜牧則以愛情、詠史詩為大宗,李商隱尤以多首〈無題〉詩著名。「小李杜」二人皆擅於鍛鍊格律,尤以「小杜」—— 杜牧極具「老杜」 —— 杜甫律體風格。</span></p>
郭宗彥 A國文
2018-03-26T12:35:42Z
韓愈 〈師說〉講義
郭宗彥 A國文
http://ep.ltivs.eportfolio.cc/web/guotsy/14/-/blogs/韓愈-〈師說〉講義
2018-03-26T12:26:46Z
2018-03-26T12:26:07Z
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 華康正顏楷體W5;">師說</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">一、文本與作者</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">1. </span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">本文在形式上,是韓愈贈送給(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">李蟠</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)的文章,屬於(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">贈序體</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">);就內容來說,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">本文是闡述從師問學之道的論說文,姚鼐<u style="text-underline: wave;">古文辭類纂</u>將其歸為(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">論辯類</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)的</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">文體。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">2. </span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">魏武帝曹操接受陳群的建議行使(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">九品官人法</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),於是在魏晉六朝時形成了士</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人階層的門第型態,造成了門閥制度。隋、唐二代雖開始實行(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">科舉制度</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以選拔人才,然而六朝所形成的門閥狀況仍有遺存,使得享用特權就能輕易</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">仕宦的權貴子弟都不肯從師學習,甚至以恥笑他人拜師而彰己之高。韓愈<u style="text-underline: wave;">師</u></span><u style="text-underline: wave;"></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><u style="text-underline: wave;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">說</span></u><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">之寫作,正透過讚勉嘉許李蟠之好學,以抨擊世人之不好學。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">3. </span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">中國學術的發展上,從魏晉時期以(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">道家</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)思想為主的「玄學」興起之後,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">兩漢(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">儒家</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)經學的傳統便告式微。進入南朝以後,佛教傳入中國的速度加</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">快,佛經的翻譯也加速,再加上玄學的發展也漸漸趨弱,以至於六朝以至於</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">隋唐之間,(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">佛學</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)獨盛,(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">道教</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)又取代思想性道家在一般人心中的地位,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">傳統儒道兩家思想因此不振。韓愈於此時提倡(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">儒家</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)之「道」作為文章的</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> 思想內容,排拒佛、老,著有(</span><u style="text-underline: wave;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">諫迎佛骨表</span></u><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)以勸諫唐憲宗不要沉迷於(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">佛</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 教</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),所以蘇軾稱他「道濟天下之溺」。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">4</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「駢」乃是兩匹馬並行之意,駢句則用以指文章上兩句相對的句型。駢句之</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">產生原用以製造文章的美感,故初始皆只是駢散並用。到六朝時,不但詩歌</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">重視華美的詞藻跟格律,文章也追求華美的風格。當時文人寫文章講求(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">駢</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: 標楷體;"> 偶</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">對仗</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),形成(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四六</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)的句式,所以駢文又被稱為(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">四六文</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)。當時佛</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">學獨盛,再加上江南繁榮,士人競相逐樂,再加以駢文好用(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">典故</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),適於</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">賣弄學問。以至於文學創作上追求華美隱晦的文句而不務實在的思想內容,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">使得作品空有美麗的詞藻,而無實學。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">唐代科舉取士上有分進士科與明經科兩科。進士科以文采取士,不若明經科</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">需對經典下苦功,以至於新形成的進士階層空有文采,而無實學,引起時人</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">對進士階層的詬病。韓愈於時乃發揚儒家學說,推闡以秦漢之際的古文為圭</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">臬,排拒六朝華美不實的駢文,以務求時人為有內容的散文,而勿作舖衍詞</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">藻的駢文。所以蘇軾稱他「文起八代之衰」,「八代」有兩種說法,一指(東</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">漢、魏、晉、宋、齊、梁、陳、隋),一說是(魏、晉、宋、齊、梁、陳、</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">隋、唐)。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">5. </span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">韓愈在唐代詩歌上與賈島、孟郊同屬於(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">奇險</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)一派。此派興起,乃因為盛</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">唐詩歌在李白、杜甫以後,漸流於平庸,只沉溺於歌功頌德的詩篇。於是韓</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">愈、賈島、孟郊等發揮杜甫「(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">語不驚人死不休</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)」的精神,專用奇字、押險</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">韻、造拗句,用寫散文的方法寫詩,以求不入於俗。同時還有發揮杜甫寫實</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">特色為主的(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">元稹</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)、(</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">白居易</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">),與韓愈、賈島、孟郊等人相輝映。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US">6. </span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">韓愈與柳宗元並稱「韓柳」。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></strong><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">韓愈</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></strong></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">柳宗元</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">尊儒排佛</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">五經外,旁參諸子、史書、楚辭</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">力棄騈偶,不惜矯枉過正</span></p>
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<td style="width: 205.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">不完全摒絕騈儷文字</span></p>
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<td style="width: 191.35pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雄厚奇崛,議論奔放</span></p>
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<td style="width: 205.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雅健峻傑,意味深永</span></p>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以作文之法作詩</span></p>
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<td style="width: 205.55pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="274">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -43.7pt; mso-para-margin-right: -3.64gd;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以作詩之法作山水遊記</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">二、文章結構與內容</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="32" o:oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e"
filled="f">
<v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" shapetype="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:15pt;width:17.25pt;height:0;z-index:251659264'
o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251659264; margin-left: 29px; margin-top: 4959px; width: 61px; height: 4px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="" width="24" height="2" /></span><![endif]><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:15pt;
width:0;height:210.75pt;z-index:251654144' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251654144; margin-left: 29px; margin-top: 4959px; width: 3px; height: 706px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" alt="" width="1" height="282" /></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm;">立師道之論</span></strong><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:文首直接點出「人非生而知之者」,所以需向老師學習。並且</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">指出老師的職責在於「傳道」、「授業」、「解惑」。亦即傳統上</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">「人師」、「經師」為一的典範。接著指出擇師不分年紀知小</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">大,而當以是否「聞道」為準則。韓愈所說的道,就是儒家</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">所言的「道理」,韓愈<u style="text-underline: wave;">原道</u>:「夫所謂先王之教者,何也?博</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">愛之謂仁,行而宜之之謂義,由是而之焉之謂道,足乎己無</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">待於外之謂德。」足見其所推崇,師者所傳的「道」乃是儒</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">家思想。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:5.25pt;margin-top:12.75pt;
width:17.25pt;height:0;z-index:251658240' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251658240; margin-left: 34px; margin-top: 5816px; width: 61px; height: 3px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" alt="" width="24" height="1" /></span><![endif]><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:5.25pt;margin-top:-.75pt;
width:0;height:335.25pt;z-index:251655168' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251655168; margin-left: 34px; margin-top: 5771px; width: 3px; height: 1121px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" alt="" width="1" height="448" /></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm;">時人之弊</span></strong><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:韓愈接著指陳時人恥於從師的心態,利用對比的方法,突顯當時</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人恥於學師的謬誤。</span></p>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;">
<td style="width: 77.25pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="2" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">古今縱比</span></p>
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<td style="width: 112.45pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">古之聖人</span></p>
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<td style="width: 74.25pt; border-top: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">從師而問焉</span></p>
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<td style="width: 67.5pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">聖益聖</span></p>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="width: 112.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">今之眾人</span></p>
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<td style="width: 74.25pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">恥學於師</span></p>
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<td style="width: 67.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">愚益愚</span></p>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="width: 77.25pt; border: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" rowspan="2" valign="top" width="103">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">自身對比</span></p>
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<td style="width: 112.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">愛其子</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">擇師而教之</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">小學</span></p>
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<td style="width: 112.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">於其身</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">恥於從師</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">大遺</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">當代橫比</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">巫醫樂師百工之人</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">不恥相師</span></p>
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<td style="width: 67.5pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="width: 112.45pt; border-top: none; border-left: none; border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">士大夫之族</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">群聚而笑之</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: page; mso-element-left: 179.0pt; mso-element-top: 11.3pt; mso-height-rule: exactly;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1029"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:5.25pt;margin-top:14.25pt;
width:17.25pt;height:0;z-index:251657216' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251657216; margin-left: 34px; margin-top: 7070px; width: 61px; height: 3px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" alt="" width="24" height="1" /></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm;">聖賢之例</span></strong><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:接著指出至聖先師孔子亦曾向許多前賢求教,並引出孔子「三人</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">行,則必有我師。」以與前文所言「道之所存,師之所存」相為</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">呼應。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028"
type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;margin-left:5.25pt;margin-top:10.5pt;
width:17.25pt;height:0;z-index:251656192' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251656192; margin-left: 34px; margin-top: 7435px; width: 61px; height: 4px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" alt="" width="24" height="2" /></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm;">嘉勉李蟠</span></strong><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">:指出寫作此文章的目的,在於嘉勉李蟠能不溺於世俗,勉學而求</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">師。藉由嘉勉李蟠之好學,同時也指責了當時人不好學從師的陋</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">習。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">三、文字音義</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">庸</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">需要</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">如:無庸置疑。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">酬謝</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">如:酬庸。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">普通的</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">如:平庸。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">愚笨的</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">如:庸醫。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">豈、何必</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">如:夫庸知其年之先後於吾乎。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"> </span></p>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">諛</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">ㄩˊ</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">以美言取悅於人。如:阿諛奉承。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">腴</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">ㄩˊ</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">腹部的脂肪,引申為肥沃。如:膏腴之地。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">臾</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">ㄩˊ</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">片刻,如:須臾。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">貽</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">贈送</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">如:作<u style="text-underline: wave;">師說</u>以貽之。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">遺留</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">如:貽笑大方之家。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">四、文章修辭</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">頂真</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">古之學者必有師,師者,所以傳道授業解惑也。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">人非生而知之者,孰能無惑?惑而不從師,其為惑也終不</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">解矣。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">(3)</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">請學於余,余嘉其能行古道。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">頂真、排比</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">生乎吾前,其聞道也,故先乎吾,吾從而師之;生乎吾後,其聞道也,亦先乎吾,吾從而師之。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">排比、映襯</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">古之聖人,其出人也遠矣,猶且從師而問焉;今之眾人,齊下聖人也亦遠矣,而恥學於師。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">類疊</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">聖人之所以為聖,愚人之所以為愚。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">錯綜</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">句讀之不知,惑之不解,或師焉,或否焉。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">回文</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">弟子不必不如師,師不必賢於弟子。</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">五、內容補充</span></strong></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">郯子</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u style="text-underline: wave;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">左傳</span></u><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">:「</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">郯子來朝,公與之宴。昭子問焉,曰:『少</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">皡</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">氏鳥名官,何故也?』郯子曰:『吾祖也,我知之。昔者黃帝氏以雲紀,故為雲師而雲名。炎帝氏以火紀,故為火師而火名。共工氏以水紀,故為水師而水名。大</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">皡</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">氏以龍紀故為龍師而龍名。我高祖少</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">皡</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">摰之立也,鳳鳥適至,故紀於鳥為鳥師而鳥名。……』仲尼聞之見於郯子而學之。既而告人曰:『吾聞之天子失官,學在四夷,猶信。』</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">」</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">萇弘</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">萇弘為魯樂太師,孔子曾向其請教古樂的內涵。<u style="text-underline: wave;">史記</u>有載牟賈與孔子討論音樂,孔子稱讚牟賈所言與他聽萇弘所說的道理一致,曰:「</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">唯</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">丘之聞諸萇弘,</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">亦若吾子之言是也。</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">」</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">師襄</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u style="text-underline: wave;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">史記</span></u><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">孔子世家:「孔子學鼓琴師襄子,十日不進。師襄子曰:『可以益矣。』孔子曰:『丘已習其曲矣,未得其數也。』有閒,曰:『已習其數,可以益矣』孔子曰:『丘未得其志也。』有閒,曰:『已習其志,可以益矣。』孔子曰:『丘未得其為人也。』有閒,有所穆然深思焉,有所怡然高望而遠志焉。曰:『丘得其為人,黯然而黑,幾然而長,眼如望羊,如王四國,非文王其誰能為此也!』師襄子辟席再拜,曰:『師蓋云文王操也。』」</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center; line-height: 150%;" align="center"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">老聃</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">史記<u style="text-underline: wave;">老莊申韓列傳</u>:「孔子適周,將問禮於老子,老子曰:『子所言者,其人與其骨皆朽矣,獨其言在耳。且君子得其時則駕,不得其時則蓬累而行。吾聞之:「良賈深藏若虛;君子盛德,容貌若愚。」去子之驕氣與多欲,態色與淫志,是皆無益於子之身。吾所以告子,若是而已。』」</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><strong style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: '微軟正黑體',sans-serif;">六、延伸閱讀</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">柳宗元<u style="text-underline: wave;">答韋中立論師道書</u>:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1032"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:2.25pt;margin-top:.5pt;width:419.25pt;
height:215pt;z-index:251660288' filled="f"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251660288; margin-left: 24px; margin-top: 13006px; width: 1401px; height: 720px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" alt="" width="560" height="288" /></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">孟子稱:「人之患在好為人師。」由魏晉氏以下,人益不事師。今之世不</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">聞有師,有,輒譁笑之,以為狂人。獨韓愈奮不顧流俗,犯笑侮,收召後學,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">作師說,因抗顏而為師。世果群怪聚罵,指目牽引,而增與為言辭。愈是以得</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">狂名,居長安,炊不暇熟,又挈挈而東,如是者數矣。</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">屈子賦曰:「邑犬吠吠,吠所怪也。」僕在聞雍蜀之南,恆雨少日,日出</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">則犬吠,余以為過言。前六七年,僕來南,二年冬,幸大雪,踰嶺被南越中數</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">州,數州之犬,皆倉黃吠噬狂走者累日,至無雪乃已,然後始信前所聞者。今</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">韓愈既自以為蜀之日,而吾子又欲使吾為越之雪,不以病乎?非獨見病,亦以</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1033"
style='position:absolute;margin-left:9pt;margin-top:2.25pt;width:419.25pt;
height:51pt;z-index:251661312' filled="f"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251661312; margin-left: 46px; margin-top: 14200px; width: 1401px; height: 173px;"><img src="file:///C:/Users/荒山樵隱/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" alt="" width="560" height="69" /></span><![endif]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">病吾子。然雪與日豈有過哉?顧吠者犬耳。度今天下不吠者幾人,而誰敢衒怪</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">於群目,以召鬧取怒乎?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">相較於韓愈之嘉許李蟠好學,柳宗元對韋中立問學一事所表現的態度為何?二人有何差異?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: '新細明體',serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';"> </span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-family: '新細明體',serif;">孟子說:「人之患在好為人師。」你覺得是否有道理?後人之解讀又為何?是否能貼近孟子的本義?</span></p>
郭宗彥 A國文
2018-03-26T12:26:07Z